Environment Loves

Methods to establish new plant populations are different from establishing vertebrate or animal populations. Animals can move from one place to another in search of food or moisture conditions. In plants the seeds are dispersed to the other sites through wind, water and animals or by conservation biologists activity. When a seed is planted on a site it is unable to move even if a suitable site exists at few meters distance. The immediate small suitable site is necessary in case when environmental conditions become harsh e.g. the weather is too hot, too wet, too dry or too shady. In these conditions the seeds either don't germinate or plants die. Plants are vulnerable to attacks by insects, pests and fungi. Fire also disturb the seeds establishment. Considerations while reintroduction of Plants Careful site selection should be taken into account otherwise plants will not be able to survive or flower. Those factors should be identified that cause the decline in plants species. Manage

Establishment of new populations is quite difficult and expensive and it requires long term and serious commitments. The programs to capture, raise and monitor the species such as condor, peregrine falcon, ferrets millions of dollars are required and millions of year work is needed. When species are long lived they required that much time to take care of the program. Emotional public issues were raised while decision making of reintroduction of grizzly bears, grey wolf programs, black footed ferrets and California condor. Criticism Criticism regarding this reintroduction programs raised were: Waste of Money Unnecessary Intrusive Poorly run Unethical Answers to these Questions The answers to these questions is simple that not every endangered specie is suited for reintroduction program. A well designed and well run reintroduction program proves to be best option for the endangered species that are at the verge of extinction. It is very important to explain the goals of programs to the l

If we want to make reintroduction and introduction programs successful than behaviors of released animals should be addressed while releasing the animals in any habitat. Social Animals Learning: When social animals such as mammals and birds grow in wild, they learn about their environment from their members of community especially from their partners. They learn how to interact with other members of the population. They learn how to search for food, how to get that and consume that food.  For Carnivores such as lions and wild dogs, hunting techniques are complex and these require a teamwork. Herbivores such as Hornbills and Gibbons have to learn the seasonal migration patterns to obtain the variety of food by covering a large area to make them alive. They are also taught in family groups how to capture  and find food. Many species perform some cues or rituals to attract the mate.  ANIMALS RAISED IN CAPTIVITY Animals that are raised in captivity (in separate preserved area species are g

POLICY VISION "The National Environmental Policy aims at improving the quality of life of Pakistan by conserving, protecting and improving the Pakistan's environment and cooperation among the civil society, government agencies, private sectors and other stakeholders." OBJECTIVES Maintain clean and healthy environment for the people of Pakistan. Achieve sustainable economic development by conserving and protecting the resources. Effective management of Pakistan's environment by involvement of stakeholders. SECTORAL ISSUES 1. Water Supply and Management To promote the clean and improve water supply and effective management of water resources the government shall: develop legal and policy frameworks increase water supply and water treatment facilities do water quality monitoring install water treatment plants promote metering of water consumption promote technologies for rain water harvesting enact Water Conservation Act 2. Energy Efficiency and Renewables To promote ene

Environmental Ethics assume that moral norms govern the human behavior towards natural world. Many ethics regarding the environment were presented by environmentalists. These are as follows: UNIVERSALISTS  Plato and Kant presented this ethic. The concept describes that fundamental ethics are universal and  unchanging.  The rules of right and wrong are valid without concerning the interests, desires and attitude. God has created these rules or these are revealed for any reason and knowledge. RELATIVISTS This ethic was of Sophists. It claims that moral principles are relative to any particular person, society or condition. Ethical values are context based. Friedrich Nietzsche's said that there are no facts only interpretations. NIHILISTS This ethic was given by Schopenhauer. Very dark view was given by him. He said the World has no sense at all. Life is dark. To exist on earth unceasing struggle is required. Its just like eat or to be eaten. There is no such thing that is good in lif

EVOLUTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL THINKING The impacts caused by human activities to environment were recognized globally known as environmental impacts. 1940s In 1948 IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) was made.  It acted as Inter governmental body. IUCN in current time has several civil socirty organizations as its members. 1950s DDT (Dichloro diphenyl trichloroethane) was detected in the flesh of flightless penguins of Antarctica. Letchworth Garden City was built in this time period. Electron capture detector was invented that could measure the man made chemicals in minutes quantities. 1960s In 1962 a book Silent Spring was published by Rachel Carson. Wildlife was diminishing in this time so attention was given to wildlife protection. Lacey Act: Lacey Act was proposed for the prohibition of animals killing and to ensure to increase the number of game animals and birds.  Endangered Species Protection Act was proposed in 1966. Endangered Species Conse

REVIEW OF IEE AND EIA REGULATIONS To implement the powers by section 33 of PEPA Act, 1997 the PEPA has develop some rules: Before describing the rules let's briefly describe the EIA and IEE. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is defined as it is a process for evaluating the environmental impacts of any project or development. These impacts included socio economic, cultural and health impacts. These impacts can be beneficial or adverse. Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is held initially before helding a project It also measures the environmental impacts, their monitoring and evaluation. The rules are as follows: 1) SHORT TITLE AND COMMENCEMENT These regulations are named as PEPA IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000. 2) PROJECTS REQUIRING AN IEE Any follower of project falling in any category described in Schedule I shall file an IEE with Federal Agency under Section 12. 3) PROJECTS REQUIRING AN EIA Any follower of project falling in any catagory discussed in Schedule II shall fil

HISTORY OR BACKGROUND ENVIRONMENTAL ACTS First time the trial to introduce the Environmental Legislation in Pakistan was done in 1977. From 1977 to onward many environmental policies, regulations and institutions were built at federal and provincial level. These include: Ministry of Environment Environmental Protection Agencies Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance, 1983 Pakistan National Conservation Strategy (NCS), 1992 Mid Term Review of NCS, 1999 NEAP was approved by Chief Executive of Pakistan Environmental Protection Council in February, 2001 DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVES OF NEAP The development objectives of NEAP are as follows: To start such actions and programs:   1. to gain such environment that improve and maintain the public health 2. promote sustainable living 3. and to increase quality of life of population of Pakistan Focus to instant measures to remediate the deteriorating quality of air, water and land by the help of governmen

INTRODUCTION Love Canal is a canal existed in Niagara Falls, New York. Love Canal is named after William T. Love. Love Canal Tragedy is concerned with the heavy amount of toxic waste disposal in canal and related health problems originated from the event. LOVE DREAM Love Canal was originally a dream community. A dream seen by William T. Love. He wanted to dig a short canal between upper and lower Niagara Rivers. The purpose for which the canal was made was to generate the electricity that could be supplied to industries and homes to make the city a model city.  The Love dream was not able to endure the changes such as change in economy and Nicola Tesla discovery how to transmit economically the power to long distances through alternating current. THE LOVE CANAL TRAGEDY In 1910 Love dream was devastated by a trench dug at the site where Love Canal has to be started. By 1920 nightmare seeds were planted at the site. Gradually the canal was converting into a industrial waste dumpsite. THE

What is Green Revolution? There were many revolutions occurred throughout the history such as American Revolution and Industrial Revolution. The Green Revolution occurred in in mid and late 20th century and in this period global agricultural yield was increased dramatically.  Why Productivity increased? The productivity in agriculture field was due to new technological advances in agriculture. New chemical fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides were made. The chemical fertilizers were used to increase the nutrient content in crops and to provide better yield of crops. Herbicides and pesticides were used to kill the pests, herbs and insects. These also controlled the diseases. High yield crops were produces and used in the field. These are the crops that are designed to produce more yield. Multiple Cropping was also adopted in that period. Multiple cropping is the method in which two or more than two crops are grown in the field throughout thee year to gain more yield. The productivity

Introduction The dust bowl in America is a catastrophe event occurred in early 1930's. It caused the Midwestern and western farmlands conversion to wastelands. The major reason behind the dust bowl was series of dry years faced in America with vast agricultural practices in unsuitable areas.  Impacts   Poor tillage practices causes the dust storms and droughts that that devastated the farm lands and ranches in Great Plains. This disaster left nothing behind no humans no nutrients and no plants cover. The humans moved towards other areas that have more fertile farmlands Events that led to Dust Bowl The European settlers arrived in the Great Plains.  They build the farms and ranches. Cattle ranching provide the benefit for users but ranching caused the overgrazing and degradation of soil. Farmers plow the natural grass and replace them with their own crop. Row crops caused the damage to soil because the land between the rows is barren and it is exposed to wind so it leads to soil ero

The freshwater available on the planet earth is enough that it can meet the demands of humans. But the distribution of water is not proper. For Example the Citizens of Bahrain, a tiny island in Persian Golf, have no freshwater availability and they desalinize the water for use. The per capita utilization of water vary from continent to continent and from one country to other country. Some countries receive the more water but their utilization is not proper while some have low water availability but they use it in effective way. South America and Asia together receives almost half the share of water resources of world. South America receives more water compared to Asia but South America has not the much potential to support the people with water. That's why the water falls in Amazon River that has poor soil and it does not support the agriculture. Asia receives less water than South America but water supply support the humans because the land where precipitation falls is suitable fo